Ludwig van Beethoven
(Born in Bonn in 1770; died in Vienna in 1827)

String Quartet No. 1 in F major, Op. 18, No. 1
1. Allegro con brio
2. Adagio affettuoso ed appassionato
3. Scherzo: Allegro molto
4. Allegro

In 1792, when he was 22 years old, Beethoven came to Vienna to study composition with Germany’s greatest living composer, Franz Josef Haydn (Mozart had just died the year before in 1791). After roughly a year and a half, Beethoven grew impatient with the affable and conservative teaching style of Haydn, and by and large the two men parted ways. But this was not a setback for Beethoven. By this time, he had plenty of friends and opportunities for frolic (contrary to the image we now have of him, Beethoven was quite the socialite before his hearing loss made him more reclusive). And musically, he was already becoming known as one of the greatest piano virtuosos of the day and he was making excellent headway as a composer. However, to become known as a composer in his own right, rather than simply as a pianist-composer as so many other virtuosos were, Beethoven had to tackle genres beyond piano works. He did so in earnest: during the period of the 1790s, in addition to his first three piano concertos, he wrote more than a dozen important chamber works, including several violin and cello sonatas, five string trios, his important Piano Quintet (Op. 16) and his great Septet (Op. 20).

In 1798 and 1799, Haydn published his six seminal string quartets, often called the “London Quartets.” These works were so extraordinary they almost immediately set a new and lasting standard for the string quartet genre. Beethoven, his ego prodded, responded quickly: he initially composed what has become known as his First String Quartet in 1798. However, sensing that these were risky waters for a young composer to wade into, he did not publish immediately. Instead, he sent the draft to a friend, Karl Amenda, asking him to keep it under wraps. A while later, he told Amenda “… only now have I learned to write quartets.” Finally, with dramatic revisions, Beethoven published the First Quartet in 1801.

From the Quartet’s very first notes there is no doubt that Beethoven was intending to speak in big gestures. This work does not contain the kinds of themes we will hear in his later, ground-breaking symphonies, of course. Instead, it follows the impeccable models of both Haydn and Mozart (to be taken seriously as a composer at this time, Beethoven almost had to do this). In fact, the first movement’s theme is clearly a tip of the hat to Haydn’s Quartet, Op. 50, No. 1. But the urgency and drama that feed this first movement clearly reveal what Beethoven was made of, and they give us a peek at the greatness of his later works. Even more amazing, perhaps, is how mature this Quartet sounds: although this was his first attempt at this genre, the result is so natural and idiomatic it could just as easily be taken as his thirtieth quartet.

The biggest change from the first draft is the second movement, and this is the most progressive step for Beethoven. Here, he re-marked the tempo from simply “Adagio” to “Adagio affettuoso ed appassionato” (“slowly, affectionate and passionate”). This has the effect of expressing grief personally rather than in the abstract, which is a very Romantic perspective. Notice, too, the many silent pauses and tempo changes, all creating a deep, affecting pathos. The third movement’s scherzo is frisky, playful, and at times downright fiery. The finale is a fast-moving current of joyfulness.

Beethoven truly did “learn how to write a quartet” in this piece: listen for the motives passing through the four strings with fleet abandon. And above all, listen to a Beethoven who, at the beginning of a titanic career, shows himself to be full of vigor and good cheer, and taking the music world head on.

Alexander Borodin
(Born in St. Petersburg in 1833; died in St. Petersburg in 1887)

String Quartet No. 2 in D Major, Op.
1. Allegro moderato
2. Scherzo. Allegro
3. Notturno (Nocturne): Andante
4. Finale: Andante — Vivace

Borodin has written some of Western music’s most beloved pieces, including The Polovtsian Dances (from his opera Prince Igor), In the Steppes of Central Asia, Symphony No. 2, and his String Quartet No. 2. He was also one of the cherished members of the famous “Russian Five,” a group of composers that included Rimsky-Korsakov, Liadov, Cui, and Mussorgsky. The group’s intent was to create a purely Russian classical music inspired by that country’s land and people, part of a nationalistic trend that was sweeping 19th Century Europe.

Despite Borodin’s success as a musician, and his importance to Russian music, it is astonishing to remember that for him music was but an avocation. His full-time profession was as a research chemist, physician and professor. In fact, much of his late career was spent discovering a chemical reaction of variants of formaldehyde, a process so scientifically important that until fairly recently it was still referred to as the “Borodin reaction”. He typically could only find time to compose when he was too ill to teach or go to the lab, or otherwise able to take time away from his scientific work.

Such was the case with his masterful String Quartet No. 2. Borodin wrote this work in 1881, during a vacation to mark the 20th anniversary of his proposal to his wife, the pianist Ekaterina Protopopova. This quartet differs from Borodin’s other compositions in two important ways. First, he wrote it very quickly; usually, he worked on his compositions in snippets over long periods of time (often when he took to his sick bed). Second, the quartet contains no obvious underlying narrative; like the other members of the “Russian Five,” he normally built his compositions around nationalistic stories.

But there is good reason to think that Borodin might have indeed infused his String Quartet No. 2 with a meaning of sorts: he not only wrote it on the 20th anniversary of his proposal to his beloved Ekaterina, he also dedicated it to her. And structurally, much of the work consists of a charming conversational dialogue between the cello (Borodin was an amateur cellist) and the violin (a likely instrument to represent Ekaterina). In any case, whether this wonderful Quartet is music for music’s sake or a love letter from Borodin to his wife, it delights us to this day.

Each movement abounds with riches, but it is the third movement, Nocturne, that may indeed be Borodin’s finest tune, and his finest chamber music accomplishment. Structurally, it is a simple song, where cello and violin share and embellish a terrifically beautiful, and singable, theme between themselves. In between, the second violin and viola pulse like a heartbeat and occasionally echo the lovers’ refrain. Ethereal and tender, the ending floats into the stratosphere. So beloved is this movement that its main theme (along with other Borodin tunes) was used in the 1950s musical “Kismet,” becoming the popular hit song “And This is My Beloved.” In a wonderful quirk of fate, in 1954 near the height of the Cold War, the by-then-long-dead Borodin won a posthumous Tony Award for his contributions to Kismet. Had he still been alive, he probably would have missed the gala and stayed working in the lab.

Charles-François Gounod
(Born in Paris in 1818; died in Saint-Cloud, France in 1893)

Petite Symphony, Op. 216

1. Adagio – Allegretto
2. Andante cantabile
3. Scherzo – Allegro moderato
4. Finale – Allegretto

French composer Charles Gounod is mainly remembered today as an opera composer. Indeed, in his day (the second half of the 19th Century) he and Richard Wagner were Verdi’s chief opera rivals. For example, when Verdi was reluctant to accept the commission for Äida from the new Cairo Opera House in 1871, the producers goaded him into action by threatening to ask Gounod to write it instead. Gounod’s Faust, written in 1859, was so popular the world over that when New York’s Metropolitan Opera House opened its doors in 1883, Faust was its obvious inaugural choice.

But Gounod wrote more than operas, and he brought his superlative operatic gifts of lyricism to these other genres. These gifts are on full display in his ever-popular Petite Symphony for Winds.

The story behind this work is as follows. Wind octet music (known as Harmoniemusik) was all the rage in Europe, and especially in Paris, in the late 18th Century. Mozart’s wind serenades set the bar for this music and the taste for it remained strong for many years. So beloved was this tradition that in 1879 the famous Parisian teacher and flutist, Paul Taffanel (1844-1908), founded the Société de musique de chambre pour instruments à vent (Society of Chamber Music for Wind Instruments). For an important wind concert series coming up in 1885, Taffanel contacted his friend, Gounod, to write a wind piece for his group. Since Gounod had been bewitched into music as a career by hearing Mozart, he created a Harmoniemusik-Mozart-like work for Taffanel’s group. This was to be a wind serenade for double octet (two clarinets, two oboes, two horns, and two bassoons) with a slight twist: he gave his flutist friend Taffanel a solo flute part, fashioned the work as a kind of Flute Concertante, and called it his Petite Symphony for Winds. This work’s premiere in 1885 was extremely well received and the work has equally delighted audiences ever since.

Unlike the Mozart model, which would have been a series of generally unrelated movements meant to entertain as “background music” to outdoor social functions, Gounod crafted a miniature symphony, as his title suggests. Like Mozart, and Haydn, Gounod begins with a serious and slow symphonic introduction right away, capturing the lush sonorities of the octet’s beautiful combination of instruments. As the movement flows, the flute takes the lead role.

The very operatic-like second movement, cantabile (“singing”), is a gorgeous aria for flute, and it serves as the slow/song movement in Gounod’s little symphony. The scherzo third movement suggests it might become a Beethoven symphonic movement, but instead Gounod cleverly creates a Renaissance-like hunting romp (what was once called a chasse) led by the two horns. The finale, Allegretto, is a magical conclusion to the work. Gounod brings everyone together, giving solos to each of the instrumental pairs and especially not forgetting the flute, combining the sonorities of the ensemble into rich sounds, and driving the work to its fine, urbane finale with a gentle, rhythmic drive.

Leoš Janáček
(Born in Hukvaldy, Moravia (now Czech Republic) in 1854; died in Morava-Ostrava in 1928)

“Mládí” (Youth) Suite for Wind Instruments

1. Allegro
2. Andante sostenuto
3. Vivace
4. Allegro animato

Though his early works were deeply influenced by his colleague Dvořák’s Romantic style, Janáček’s later intensive studies of Moravian-Czech folk music resulted in a unique change to the way he composed near the middle of his life. Armed with an extraordinary ear for folksong and speech inflections, Janáček began basing his melodies not only on melodic contours, but on the Czech language’s distinct speech patterns, which Janáček called “speech tunes.” He first used these techniques in his operas, and indeed, it is in them that he first gained world fame in 1904 with his opera Jenůfa.

In the last and most prolific decade of his life Janáček wrote his most successful and iconic opera, The Cunning Little Vixen (1924). Here, he fully fleshed out his prosody-plus-folksong experiments, culminating in a uniquely tonal but modern sound that he made his own. That same year, 1924, he was turning 70. A biography was in the works and he began collecting memorabilia. In the process of this, he reflected often on his studies as a choirboy and organist at the Augustine Monastery, St. Thomas’ Abbey, in Brno (Moravia, now the Czech Republic), and he grew nostalgic for those spirited boyhood days. Influenced by Dvořák’s famous Serenade (Op. 44), he composed his Mládí (Youth) Suite for wind sextet: flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon and bass clarinet. This was a musical remembrance of a day in his young life at the Brno Monastery some five decades earlier, and again, his “speech tunes” played a prominent part in this splendid work.

The first movement Allegro features a jumpy and bustling accompaniment under a theme first played by the oboe. That theme is said to be the “speech tune” of the Czech sighing lament, “Mládí, zlaté mládí!” (“Youth, golden youth!”). The electricity that runs through this movement charmingly evokes hyper-wiggly young students. Especially entertaining is the musical grumbling of the bassoon and the bass clarinet.

The Andante alternates between a touching lament and a fracturing of short musical themes. Janáček called these bits of hurling motives “sčasovka.” This word doesn’t easily translate but Janáček scholar John Tyrrell characterizes these passages as “little musical … capsule[s], which Janáček often used in slow music as tiny swift motifs with remarkably characteristic rhythms that are supposed to pepper the musical flow.” It’s a marvelous technique singular to Janáček’s music.

The third movement, Vivace, recalls the Blue Boys of the Old Brno Monastery, a group of lads who marched through the grounds doing their various chores while merrily whistling. Janáček recreates the beloved scene with piccolo and a very sprightly accompaniment, which also suggests a bit of the Blue Boys’ mischief. A very sweet interlude graces the movement’s central portion.

The finale wraps up this delightful Suite by recalling the Mládí motif from the beginning movement, but here sung over a cleverly motoric accompaniment from the horn and bass clarinet. Janáček introduces a few new themes, with one regal theme in particular led by the horn eliciting feelings of grandness – no doubt the composer’s recollections of great musical moments as a chorister. The virtuosic elements in this movement are plenty, and the ending bars satisfyingly exciting.

Antonin Dvořák
(Born in Nelahozeves, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) in 1841; died in Prague in 1904)

Serenade for Winds in D minor, Op. 44

1. Moderato, quasi marcia
2. Menuetto
3. Andante con moto
4. Allegro molto

We have Johannes Brahms to thank for helping launch Dvořák’s career. In 1878, Brahms was a judge in a composition contest that awarded Dvořák honors as a contestant. Brahms then continued to champion the young Czech composer, and he helped him land his first publishing contract. That first contract required of Dvořák a Symphony, which we know now as No. 5, and several other works, including a Serenade for wind instruments.

It was Dvořák’s idea to add the horns and strings to the Serenade he’d been contracted to write. He completed the Serenade in 1879 and it was instantly popular, “introducing” Dvořák to the world at his best with beautiful melodies, luscious harmonies and youthful inventiveness. That he chose to write this Serenade for a specific set of winds (2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, and three horns) plus a cello and a bass, while omitting the flute, reveals Dvořák’s intentions: this was to be a uniquely Czech-sounding work hued in darkly rich sonorities. Its charms have lasted more than a century, but its influence was nearly immediate, especially on his compatriot, Leoš Janáček.

The first movement “marcia” (march) begins with delightfully rustic and satirically pompous dotted rhythmic patterns that harken back to the famous European/Czech village wind bands (called Harmoniemusik), but ends with pastoral warmth. The second movement’s lovely Menuetto uses two well-loved Czech folk dances: the easy-going sousedská (or, neighbor’s dance, with a rustic melody), which is then contrasted with a high-energy and virtuosic trio section shaped after the furiant (a dance form Dvořák would return to many times throughout his career).

The third movement, Andante, is a marvel of imagination and freshness. A set of variations are fashioned upon a deeply sensuous theme, which is itself juxtaposed over a jaunty and syncopated little horn and wind rhythm. Though Dvořák uses his rich instrumental sonorities to create some tensely dark moments, the surprisingly unsullied effect is a feeling of sheer contentment. The final movement, Allegro molto, is a stout rondo with a kind of urgent glee that arrives to giftwrap this masterpiece. Dvořák delivers some of his finest romping tunes here and reintroduces themes from the first movement to give the piece an overall balance. The concluding coda is a thrilling and immensely fun dash to the finish, with whirling winds and fanfaring horns.

––Program notes © Max Derrickson

 

George Frideric Handel
(Born in Halle, Germany in 1685; died in London in 1759)

Handel was born in the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti, and along with his friend and contemporary, Georg Philipp Telemann, the four share honors as several of the greatest of the Baroque composers. Unique among these four is Handel’s British expatriate career. Baroque musicians and composers always depended on the patronage of the wealthy. Handel, a Saxon from Germany, was no exception. After he made a name for himself as a virtuoso musician and a composer, he was asked in 1710 by German Prince George, the Elector of Hanover, to be his Kapellmeister (Court music director). But then in 1714 Prince George became King George I of Great Britain and Ireland. Handel followed his patron and made London his home for the rest of his life.

Handel had mastered every genre from opera to chamber music, but his most lasting fame came from his contributions to the English Oratorio genre. He wrote 27 oratorios in all. His Messiah of 1742 is the best known and arguably his greatest work. However, the inspired genius of the Messiah by no means eclipses the merits of his other 26 oratorios.

Overture to Theodora, HVW 68

1. Maestoso
2. Allegro
3. Trio – Larghetto e piano
4. Courante

Though Handel began his long and extremely lucrative London career writing Italian operas, he soon moved into experimenting with and perfecting the English-language Oratorio. These oratorios were essentially un-staged operas, stripped-down and simplified for the Lenten season when religious authorities frowned on elaborate theatrical spectacles. Handel chose Biblical themes for his oratorios, but exploited these stories for their drama, intrigue and emotion. Without the lavish excesses of costume, props and staging typical of operas, God-fearing Londoners could attend Biblically-based oratorios during Lent and get their quotient of great operatic-like music with a clean conscience. Handel’s Messiah of 1742, of course, was an instant success and was repeated often, but the insatiable desires of Londoners for more and different pieces of music kept him writing new oratorios every year

In 1750 he asked the great librettist, Reverend Thomas Morell, to write an Oratorio based on the life of Theodora, the Fourth Century Christian martyr. The result wasn’t an instant success for reasons unrelated to the piece’s musical worth (among other things, there was an earthquake), but it has since become “discovered” as one of Handel’s finest works. It was Handel’s favorite libretto, and he was clearly proud of his musical contributions. According to one account, when he was asked whether he considered the grand [Hallelujah] chorus of The Messiah as his masterpiece, he said: “No, I think the chorus … at the end of the second part in Theodora far beyond it.” Indeed, the final duet in Theodora, “Thither let our hearts aspire,” is surely one of Handel’s finest passages, and the Oratorio’s deeply anguished closing chorus rivals any of its peers from any era.

Theodora’s Overture is different from today’s operatic conventions. Overtures in Handel’s time were still taking shape as a genre, but in England Henry Purcell had begun using what was called the French Overture that took precisely the shape that Handel uses here for Theodora: a two-part work, comprised of a slow introduction followed by a fast fugue-like movement. As the curtain rises, the orchestra then plays two or more dance forms from the French suite style. In this form, the Theodora Overture clearly was one of the precursors to the symphonic form – indeed, it sounds much like a short symphony, and its riches run as deep as the entire cantata.

In true French Overture form, Handel begins his Overture with a slow introduction that paints a scene of earnestness and gravity, followed by a brilliant fugue that is reminiscent of his Messiah’s Hallelujah chorus (no doubt a clever marketing tactic by Handel). Then follows a graceful Trio. The Overture concludes with a bright and quick-stepped Courante (a triple-beat dance meaning “running”), which here sparkles as an exuberant, yet urgent musical offering. The entire Overture is a great work in its own right, and as Theodora gains more attention in modern times, the Overture will find its deserved a place in the repertoire.

Handel the Great Organist

Between 1735 and 1736 Handel composed four English Oratorios: Esther, Deborah, and Athalia in 1735, and Alexander’s Feast in 1736. Each of these works was given its premiere in the newly designed Covent Gardens, and each was a great success despite facing stiff competition in London. Indeed, that city’s new and wildly popular “Opera of the Nobility” theatre had been set up deliberately to steal Handel’s audiences. In addition, that theater’s company included one of the greatest singers of the age, the castrato Farinelli, whose performances created hysteria with audiences and won him the epithet “One God, One Farinelli!” For Handel and Covent Gardens, oratorios weren’t going to be enough to lure audiences back, and so Handel, widely celebrated as the greatest organist of his day, created several concertos for “Chamber Organ and Orchestra.” All of these works were to be played as interludes between various Parts (sections) of his four 1735-1736 oratorios. All were intended to show off Handel’s own prowess on the organ.

Handel’s contemporaries were awed by his skill as an organist. The most famous account reads as follows:

“… Handel had an uncommon brilliancy and command of finger; but what distinguished him from all other players who possessed these same qualities, was that amazing fullness, force and energy, which he joined with them. And this observation may be applied with as much justice to his compositions as to his playing.”
- John Mainwaring, Memoirs of the Life of the late G. F. Handel, 1760

Handel’s virtuoso talents certainly came in handy to help promote sales at Covent Gardens, but the music that Handel wrote for himself to perform has much more lasting value as some of the greatest music of the Baroque. This set of six concerti was first published for solo organ. The concerti in their original form, for the “chamber” organ (a small organ with relatively few registers) and chamber orchestra, were made available later on and are the versions heard tonight. True to Handel’s talent as an organist and composer, the solo parts are exquisite and the orchestra parts completely delightful, and as far as we know, Handel invented this pairing of organ with chamber orchestra in the concerto form.

Organ Concerto Op. 4, No. 1 in G minor, HWV 289

1. Larghetto, e staccato
2. Allegro
3. Adagio
4. Andante

Handel had few rivals for what seems to be an inexhaustible supply of beautiful themes and works of exceptional invention, and this Concerto was written to show off his abilities as both an organist and composer. It premiered in 1736 as an interlude for the Oratorio called Alexander’s Feast, which was based on a famous ode written by the British poet John Dryden in honor of St. Cecilia, the patron Saint of music (who, because of a mistaken Latin translation, was thought to be an organist). The solo organ parts were meant to show off specifically Handel’s virtuosity, but “Oratorio-concerti” like this one were nonetheless constrained by the smaller organs (with only a few registers) and smaller chamber orchestras typically used for Oratorios. As a result, these works of Handel’s are not “barn burners” like Bach’s Toccata and Fugue in D minor. Nevertheless, they are testaments to a time when the organ was just beginning to become the king of instruments.

Immediately intriguing in this first organ Concerto is Handel’s atypical choice of tempo markings, which are predominately slow. The melodramatic opening of the work by the orchestra is understandable as an interlude during the larger Oratorio, as much a work for stage as it is for the concert hall, and which recalled the gruesome martyrdom of the beloved St. Cecilia. The organ’s entrance is enchanting and ethereal, and in a subtle way is set against the mood of the opening orchestral theme. This contrast between the organist and the orchestra plays out through the entire Concerto and allows for lots of lively organ virtuosity.

The only fast movement, Allegro, comes next and is spritely and light. The following Adagio is mostly for organ alone and brings out more of the singing beauty of the instrument rather than Handel’s virtuosic technique. All the same, it’s a sublime moment in the best Baroque tradition and demands true musical artistry from the soloist. The finale, though marked in a slow tempo (Andante), is written in such a way that it feels as though it clips briskly along. The exchanges between organ and orchestra are lively and fun and Handel’s main theme here is joyful. The organ writing, too, is extremely challenging and showy, bringing this wonderful and brief Concerto to a delightful close.

Organ Concerto Op. 4, No. 4 in F Major, HWV 292

1. Allegro
2. Andante
3. Adagio
4. Allegro

This Concerto may be one of the most exquisite pieces from Handel’s long and storied career. It was written as an interlude for his 1735 Oratorio, Athalia, which was a revision of a much earlier Oratorio that Handel had written in Italy in 1708. Athalia is based on the Biblical story of a Baal Queen (Athalia) who is hell-bent on murdering all of King David’s heirs, and the triumph of the true believers in deposing her tyranny. Interestingly, in 1730’s England, the Jacobites had championed the story’s theme to support the restoration of the Stuart monarchy; Handel clearly understood his English audience and his Athalia was a wild success.

When you listen to the organ Concerto you can hear right away how it mirrors the grandeur of the story. The first movement is majestic and brilliant and gives the organist lots of virtuosic passages that dazzle audiences. The work was well-received; one reviewer praised it thusly in the poetic and grand fashion of the day:

“When lo! the mighty man essay’d
The organ’s heavenly breathing sound,
Things that inanimate were made,
Strait mov’d, and as inform’d were found.
Thus ORPHEUS, when the numbers flow’d,
Sweetly descanting from his lyre,
Mountains and hills confess’d the God,
Nature look’d up, and did admire.”

The orchestra is mostly the accompanist in this Concerto, but Handel’s writing for it is rich and meaningful. The second movement is a true gem, beginning with a beautifully haunting theme, then gently exploring variations where the organ is allowed to express a great deal of emotional depth. The final refrain, with full orchestra and organ, is powerfully moving.

The Adagio is an evanescent introduction to the finale, but in its short bars, Handel captures a searing poignancy. And then comes the finale in a flood of light and lightness. In its context in the Oratorio, it is the exact music of a Hallelujah chorus that follows without break. Alone, it’s a flying fugue that shows off Handel as a composer and as virtuoso organist, and as one of great composers in Western music.

Ottorino Respighi
(Born in Bologna, Italy in 1879; died in Rome in 1936)

Respighi is known the world over as the composer of two gigantic orchestral tone poems, The Fountains of Rome (1916) and The Pines of Rome (1924). But few know that those amazing orchestral colors that make Respighi’s masterpieces sparkle and explode were a direct result of his time in Russia, as the principal violist of the Russian Imperial Theatre in Saint Petersburg, during their 1900 season of performing Italian opera. While there he met and studied with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, spending five months studying composition and specifically orchestration. Equally important in his musical formation was the fact that Respighi was an avid early music scholar and published in that genre. His initial experiments in composing for early music forms, like his Suite for Strings, P. 41, are a fascinating early look into one of Italy’s greatest and most unique 20th Century composers.

By the late 19th Century, a considerable interest was directed at older music, and a fair amount of music from the Baroque and before had been rediscovered. Respighi was in the avant-garde of composers who took a keen interest in early music, and he used these discovered melodies from his ancient forbears, or made up melodies inspired by these old forms, all the while recasting them in a more modern instrumental and harmonic guise. His work came years before Stravinsky and Diaghilev began the widespread interest in Neo-Classicism with the 1920 Ballet Russe production of Pulcinella Ballet and Suite (after Pergolesi’s Baroque music).

But especially as an Italian who was born in the glowing aftermath of Italy’s Risorgimento – its birth as a unified nation – Respighi was also deeply proud of his country’s extraordinary influence in the development of modern Western music; from the plainchant of the Roman Catholic Church and Gregorian Chant of Medieval times to the exquisite music by Baroque composers Scarlatti, Corelli, and Pergolesi, Italian composers were always at the fore. Respighi’s fascination with early music, therefore, turned into a combination of Italian pride mixed with Russian influence and 20th Century orchestral techniques. The results were rich and wonderful compositions.

Suite for Strings, P. 41

1. Ciaccona
2. Siciliana
3. Giga
4. Sarabanda
5. Burlesca
6. Rigaudon

Respighi’s most popular forays into recasting “antique” music culminated in his three Ancient Airs and Dances Suites of 1917, 1923, and 1932. Our concert’s Suite for Strings was composed much earlier, in 1902. At that time. Respighi was just beginning his musical experiments, and his Suite was inspired by Edvard Grieg’s Holberg Suite of 1884. Like Grieg’s, Respighi’s Suite was based entirely on musical forms and dances from the Baroque period.

The Chaconne (Ciaconna) is a beautiful movement and may well be Respighi’s most convincing fusion of Baroque and late-Romantic music. True to Baroque form, Respighi presents a chordal bass line and then creates a set of variations over its continuing repetition. It works musically, with lush string writing and rich, dark-hued chords making it melt in the air. But most delightful is its lyricism, which is a hallmark of each of the movements.

The Siciliana was typically a pastorale-type music often used for arias in Baroque opera. Here, Respighi seems to luxuriate in the string colors he creates and his Siciliana is lyrical and graceful. The Giga (gigue) is a lively dance that derives from the English/Irish jig, and which migrated to France and Italy. Respighi’s jig is full of charm and syncopations. The Sarabanda has a Spanish/Mexican musical history and its reputation was that it should be notoriously wild and erotic. Ironically, when it became assimilated into French, German and Italian court musical making, it often became a stately and somber affair. Respighi chooses its Italian usage and creates one of his most poignant musical wonders, turning a stately dance into a pathos-laden elegy.

The Burlesca is a spritely but complicated movement. “Burlesca” derives from the Italian burlesco, which is a derivative of the Italian burla, meaning a joke or ridicule. Equally at home in all the arts, in music a Burlesca typically creates comedic effects or exaggerates serious music to the point of mockery and buffoonery. Respighi appears to be doing this to himself in this movement, by mashing up bits of the somber themes of his previous movements with exaggerated syncopation and juxtaposed techniques – such as bowing and plucking.

And finally, the Rigaudon is a spirited two-step dance of French folk origin. Assimilated into the courtly suite of Baroque dances, it becomes an affable couples’ dance. Respighi uses it here to morph many of the previous themes into a delightful musical pageant to end one of his finest forays into “antique” music.

––Program notes © Max Derrickson

 

Bedřich Smetana
(Born near Prague in 1824; died in Prague (Czech Republic) in 1884)

String Quartet No. 1 in E-minor, “Z mého, zivota” (“From My Life”), JB 1:105
1. Allegro vivo appassionato
2. Allegro moderato à la Polka
3. Largo sostenuto
4. Vivace

Smetana is revered as the Father of Nationalist Czech music (or Bohemian music, as it was called in his day). He dedicated his life to creating such music, beginning with operas whose themes were conspicuously nationalistic, and branching out into purely instrumental works with Bohemian folk roots.

Smetana’s life was filled with sadness and disappointments: his first wife died of tuberculosis, several of his children died in infancy, and his work was constantly harangued and harshly judged. But probably the cruelest blow of all came in 1874 when he began to lose his hearing because of syphilis and became completely deaf within just a few months.

Though he continued to compose after that – his later works included his seminal “Má Vlast” (“My Homeland”) with its wildly popular movement The Moldau – Smetana began turning inward in 1876 to fashion what was initially a purely private piece of music. This was his groundbreaking String Quartet No. 1, subtitled “From My Life.” It was eventually premiered in 1879 and published soon after.

Part of what was groundbreaking about this Quartet was Smetana’s autobiographical approach. This kind of approach was not only novel for the time but also highly influential on composers who followed. And because the Quartet gleams so brightly with Bohemian character and loveable melodies – the opening theme alone is one of the most dramatic musical sequences in the quartet genre – the work is a genuine masterpiece.

Smetana later wrote a description of this Quartet for a friend, describing its autobiographical background and its musical details as follows. The description is infused with a profound sense of sadness:

My intention was to paint a tone picture of my life. The first movement depicts my youthful leanings toward art, the Romantic atmosphere, the inexpressible yearning for something I could neither express nor define, and also a kind of warning of my future misfortune . . . The long insistent note in the finale owes its origin to this. It is the fateful ringing in my ears of the high-pitched tones which in 1874 announced the beginning of my deafness. I permitted myself this little joke, because it was so disastrous to me. The second movement, a quasi- polka, brings to mind the joyful days of youth when I composed dance tunes and was known everywhere as a passionate lover of dancing. The third movement . . . reminds me of the happiness of my first love, the girl who later became my wife. The fourth movement describes the discovery that I could treat national elements in music and my joy in following this path until it was checked by the catastrophe of the onset of my deafness, the outlook into the sad future, the tiny rays of hope of recovery, but remembering all the promise of my early career, a feeling of painful regret.

Felix Mendelssohn
(Born in Hamburg, Germany in 1809; died in Leipzig, Germany in 1847)

String Quartet No 4 in E-minor, Op. 44, No. 2
1. Allegro assai appassionato
2. Scherzo: Allegro di molto
3. Andante
4. Presto agitato

Between 1837 and 1838 Mendelssohn wrote a set of three string quartets which he grouped as Opus 44 and then slightly revised in 1839. Only 28 years old when he began these works, Mendelssohn was already regarded as a great composer and virtuoso pianist and he was beginning to achieve further fame as a conductor and music historian. He had also just married Cécile Charlotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, a charming French woman who delighted him. This was a period of great stability and happiness for Mendelssohn and these three string quartets eloquently reflect those grand and sweet times. The second of the three quartets (the E-minor quartet featured in tonight’s concert) pays particular homage to Mendelssohn’s love for Cécile as he wrote it during their honeymoon.

The E-minor quartet is also a magical testament to Mendelssohn’s unique ability to blend the Classical sensibilities of Mozart with the stormy undercurrents of the Romantic period. Combining fleet terseness and tenderness, the first movement’s initial theme is one of Mendelssohn’s finest achievements in this regard. It opens with a pulsing syncopation in the two middle strings, creating a disturbance of energy and furtiveness. The first violin then soars upwards in a simultaneously confident yet aching theme, the tempo continually pushing forward, setting the stage for the great music-making that follows.

The second movement is a scherzo, quick-silvered to the extreme and absolutely crackling with electricity. The third movement is Mendelssohn’s love song to Cécile, with a gorgeous and simple tune in Mendelssohn’s beloved “song without words” style. But importantly, the theme’s accompaniment is continually undulating, creating a kind of lazy perpetual motion that never allows for full contentment (and Mendelssohn’s directions to the performers asks that they “never allow the tempo to drag”). The final movement is a remarkable musical reckoning of the former three movements, blending beautiful, romantic themes with forward thrust. Midway through the movement, in an unexpected bow to one of his musical heroes, J.S. Bach, Mendelssohn gives a lovely hymn tune to the first violin while the rest of the quartet’s players hand off restless musical fragments to each other. The finale then turns urgent as the quartet races toward its bracing, final chords, bringing one of Mendelssohn’s great works to a close.

––Program notes © Max Derrickson

Robert Schumann
(Born in Zwickau, Germany in 1810; died in Endenich, Germany in 1856)

Traümerai, No. 7 from Kinderszenen, Op. 15 (Arranged for String Orchestra)

During Schumann’s life, the Romantic period in music was just coming into its own, creating music that favored expressiveness and emotion as the essence of Art. Schumann sometimes described it as making music out of pictures, by which he meant the pictures made by words as much as by paint. Indeed, those whom Schumann considered his artistic heroes included Lord Byron along with Beethoven. The son of a bookseller who had fostered a love of literature in his children, the young Schumann was as well versed in prose as he was music, and his love for words and thoughts deeply informed his composing.

Schumann began his musical career hoping to become a piano virtuoso, and thus much of his early works were composed for piano. This is also how he met the love of his life, Clara Wieck, whose father was Schumann’s renowned piano teacher. A virtuoso’s career never materialized for Schumann, but Clara became his artistic muse, and then in 1840, his wife.

The year 1838 was a particularly wonderful year for Schumann’s piano compositions and Kinderszenen (“Scenes from Childhood”), in particular, was inspired by Clara. Kinderszenen’s set of 13 pieces were meant to evoke the magic of childhood as remembered by an adult—a sublimely sophisticated approach—and each scene in the set bore a very deliberately chosen title. The intimacy of emotion that Schumann captures in these vignettes was something that he had an uncanny talent for and which can be found in much of his work. The scene titled “Traümerai” may be his greatest achievement in this regard, and it serves as the emotional anchor of the whole set of Kinderszenen.

Typically translated as “Dreaming” or “Reverie,” Traümerai captures a child’s dreaming with its innocence and naiveté, tinged with that bittersweetness of an adult reverie on a childhood long past. The work is in the form of a simple song, but what makes it uniquely beautiful is how Schumann manipulates the harmonies below its repeating, lovely melody. By simply changing a few notes, Schumann transforms sweet contentment into wistful yearning, shifting between innocent childhood and nostalgic adulthood. And like many masterpieces, Traümerai is as meltingly beautiful arranged for strings, or any instrument, as it is on piano.

The great pianist Vladimir Horowitz, later in his rich and long concertizing life, became extremely fond of playing Traümerai as one of his encores. Hardly a typical encore piece, Horowitz simply adored Traümerai and played it anyway—and it never failed to please. Probably no performer ever gave it more publicity than Horowitz, especially in what was likely one of the most famous recitals in modern times. After decades of being an ex-patriot in America during the Cold War, the native-Russian-turned-American-citizen Horowitz went back to Moscow in 1986 to give several recitals and “see his homeland one last time,” and to be, as he described it, an “ambassador of beauty.” Welcomed like a heroic Prodigal son, Horowitz was received with wide-open arms by his Soviet audience. His recital in Moscow was televised, of course, and received top billing in both Russia and the United States. Horowitz played Schumann’s lovely Traümerai as one of this recital’s encores, because, as he said, “It may look simple on the page, but it is a masterpiece.” The work’s simplicity and deep beauty spoke volumes on the world stage then, just as it does now, and just as it always has since Schumann first wrote it almost two-centuries ago.

Sergei Prokofiev
(Born in Sontskova, Ukraine in 1891; died in Moscow in 1953)

Violin Concerto No. 2 in G-minor, Op. 63
1. Allegro moderato
2. Andante assai
3. Allegro ben marcato

Prokofiev’s marvelous, somewhat quixotic, Violin Concerto No. 2 bears the tell-tale signs of a composer in transition, both ideologically and geographically. It was commissioned for the Belgian violin virtuoso Robert Soetens (1897-1997) by a group of the violinist’s admirers and the work was completed and premiered in 1935. At the time, Prokofiev had been gradually repatriating himself back to Moscow after more than two decades of building his career in the West as a composer, conductor and pianist. He was also evolving musically, shedding some of the ferocious modernism of his former years and actively embracing the new Soviet musical aesthetic of simplicity and lyricism. The Second Violin Concerto was composed in many places while Prokofiev wrapped up his touring life. As he recalled in his autobiography, the first theme of the first movement was written in Paris, the main theme of the second in Voronezh, the orchestration was completed in Baku, and then the premiere took place in Madrid. And the music itself is equally peripatetic, harboring multiple personalities: lyricism, anxiety, sarcasm, naiveté, and wildness, all alongside a hint that, given the right nudge, all hell might just break loose.

The Concerto is also incredibly important in Prokofiev’s evolution as a composer. Immediately after this piece was completed he set to work on two of his greatest achievements: the ballet Romeo and Juliet, and Symphony No. 5, which are also two of the 20th Century’s masterpieces. The lyricisms found in the ballet—those exotic, charming melodies—appear to have had the Violin Concerto as their drawing board. Certainly, the beautiful theme in the Concerto’s second movement Andante foretells those splendid love moments between the two star-cross’d lovers. Likewise, the massive sonic canvases that occasionally take over the Concerto seem to have gotten fully worked out in the Fifth Symphony. The percussive color that is so richly displayed in the Symphony is so indulged in the Concerto that the latter might rightly be considered a Concerto for Violin, Bass Drum and Orchestra during its first and third movements. In addition, the castanets that accompany the main violin theme in the Concerto’s third movement seem to have set the stage for the Fifth Symphony’s delicious percussion extravagance in its scherzo movement.

There are many curious and exciting moments in this Concerto, from the Concerto’s dark and longing opening theme, through the soaring and pure melody of the second movement, to the witty and sarcastically jangled dance-like third movement. It is the violinist who must give the Concerto’s many personalities their fair voice, and whose virtuosity must shine through in its splendidly challenging technical passages. We, as an audience, get to enjoy thereby one of the most original and fun masterpieces of Prokofiev’s great career.

Ludwig van Beethoven
(Born in Bonn in 1770; died in Vienna in 1827)

Symphony No. 7 in A, Op. 92
1. Poco sostenuto – Vivace
2. Allegretto
3. Presto – Assai meno Presto
4. Allegro con brio

Beethoven’s Symphony No. 7 is undeniably one of the most beloved symphonies ever written, and its famous second movement is one of those rare creations that seem to appear once a century. That it is arguably Beethoven’s most skillfully realized symphony and composed at the height of his melodic abilities only partially explain what is so inspiring about this extraordinary work. What has truly enraptured listeners throughout two centuries is its infectious exuberance and joyful intensity.

The slow Introduction to the first movement, with its broad swashes of colorful chords and its strident woodwind lines descending between them, may seem to be a lovely reverie in luxuriant sonority. But in fact this Introduction establishes two important parameters that will define the entire symphony: mood and rhythm. While we are basking in a feeling of regality and gladness, the Introduction’s scalar patterns and lengthy sets of repeated notes are laying the groundwork for an extraordinary moment which will define the symphony’s rhythm. At the bridge between the Introduction and the Exposition (the fast, main section of the movement), harmony and melody quickly evaporate, leaving the winds and the strings trading notes. This leaves us in an absolutely static moment of simple rhythm, but one which inventively morphs into the new, delightful skipping rhythm of the Exposition’s first main theme. Though the rest of the movement spans a fairly vast amount of melodic and harmonic ground, this new morphed rhythm remains persistent throughout nearly every measure. Uninhibited by Beethoven’s usual struggle between Fate and triumph, this movement and its persistent, carefree rhythm evoke a mood of genuine ebullience. It allows, as well, for the energy to steadily intensify until the ending coda arrives, where, as the basses start welling up like sea surges, the horns proclaim the theme for the last time in a manner so glorious it sets nerves of joy ablaze.

The second movement Allegretto is a work of such otherworldly mastery and beauty, it is impossible not to be swept into its realms. This movement, too, revolves much around a persistent and simple rhythmic motif: a two-bar phrase of a quarter note, followed by two eighth notes and then two quarter notes. But where the first movement’s rhythm acted as an engine, the rhythm here in the Allegretto performs as an emotional transporter. The effect is ingenious. The movement starts with a solitary, solemn chord which is then followed by a rather skeletal melody upon the simple rhythmic motif. From here, an extraordinary set of variations begin: the rhythm gently propelling us through increasingly more beautiful and mysterious layers, absorbing us into haunting contours of sublime beauty. And then, the rhythm calmly brings us back. As the musical layers peel away, the rhythm also begins to falter, until we find ourselves back to the solemn chord with which the movement began.

The third movement scherzo, Presto, begins in a blaze of animation and with a rhythmical pattern taken from the static metamorphosis in the first movement. The energetic intensity of this music is greater than most of Beethoven’s former scherzos, and its contrasting middle section, the Trio, also builds into a more powerful air than its usual relaxed role. Although the Trio’s theme is believed to be based on an old Austrian hymn, it is hardly treated as such. For example, the famous and powerful moment near the middle of the Trio when the horns begin a syncopated, half-step warbling, building up incredible tension, until the exalted phrase of the hymn is joyfully released by the strings, trumpets and timpani. The movement ends with the Presto firmly reestablishing its quick-stepped pace.

The Finale continues the breezy and frenetic nature of the Scherzo but at an astonishingly higher intensity and with extraordinary vitality. The first two short phrases provide much of what, again, will be a persistent rhythm throughout the movement, and then the first theme essentially begins a rollicking and steady descent into joyful lunacy. In a sense, the entire Finale serves as a coda to the entire symphony, finalizing the work’s joyful theme with a nearly uncontrollable elation. The conductor and musicologist Donald Francis Tovey called it a “triumph of bacchic fury,” and it is indeed one of the most wonderfully energetic utterances ever created, steeped in joyous vigor and triumphal gladness.

As enshrined as one of Western music’s greatest masterpieces as Beethoven’s Seventh has become, the circumstances of its first public performance makes for a wonderfully ironic historical footnote. The Seventh was premiered in December 1813, along with Beethoven’s Eighth Symphony and his curious “Wellington’s Victory” (“Battle Symphony”). The concert was held to benefit Austrian and Bavarian soldiers disabled at the Battle of Hanau against Napoleon. The affair was organized by Johannes Maelzel, inventor of the metronome and (among other peculiar devices) the panharmonicon, a humongous mechanical orchestra. Maelzel persuaded Beethoven to compose a symphonic work for his contraption for the concert, which resulted in “Wellington’s Victory” (which commemorated a recent Napoleonic defeat in Vitoria, Spain). Once the contraption inevitably broke, Beethoven hurriedly wrote the parts out for a real orchestra. Even more unique about the work, however, is that it also employed live cannon and musket fire in time with the music (long before Tchaikovsky’s own “1812 Overture”). Even more extraordinary, was that participating in its performance were such luminaries as the composers Hummel, Meyerbeer, Spohr, Moscheles and Salieri. The “Battle Symphony” was hands-down the unabashed hit of the evening, leaving the two other symphonies in the shadows. However, even in 1813, the Seventh’s ethereal Allegretto movement made an impression, as the audience demanded that it be encored.

 

Eric Ewazen

(Born in Cleveland, Ohio on March 1, 1954)

A Western Fanfare

Ewazen is one America’s finest living composers. He studied composition with a handful of the 20th Century’s most important composers (Samuel Adler, Milton Babbitt and Gunther Schuller, to name a few) at the Eastman School of Music and the Julliard School. He has remained an important figure in the New York City scene and teaches composition at Julliard.

Ewazen began writing more and more for brass instruments from the 1990’s onwards, and many of his commissions feature brass. “A Western Fanfare” is one such commission. It was requested by the Music Academy of the West (Santa Barbara, California) in 1997 for their 50th Anniversary. Ewazen responded with a fanfare for a brass orchestra and percussion, which he soon afterwards arranged for brass quintet. It’s meant to be celebratory, and it bursts with energy and pride. It’s also extremely fun and a bit devilish to perform.

Surprisingly, perhaps, for a 20th to 21st Century composer, Ewazen is unregretful in his tonal approach to music because, as he says, it’s “the language that speaks to me.” But tonality also speaks wonderfully to audiences and performers, and he believes that when a performer gets excited about a piece of music, he or she will really “sell” it to the audience. “A Western Fanfare” is one of those kinds of pieces: exciting, lyrical and tonal, wonderfully “brassy” and fresh. This concert’s performers will have no trouble “selling” it and listeners will want to hear more of Ewazen’s great pieces.


Anonymous

Sonata from “Die Bankelsangerlieder” (c. 1684, Germany)

As composer Eric Ewazen pointed out in a 1994 interview, the Renaissance period witnessed the flourishing of works composed for brass instruments. Most notable was the antiphonal music of Giovanni Gabrieli (c.1553-6 – 1612) in Italy, and as the Renaissance spread throughout Europe, so did its musical designs. Near the end of this epoch in the late 17th Century, Germany was at its own Renaissance height and a group of unattributed vocal works called “Die Bankelsangerlieder” was published. At the very end of the collection was this “Sonata” scored for five brass instruments.

The Renaissance term “bankelsanger” referred to a travelling singer, otherwise known as a “troubadour” in Renaissance France, who made his living by standing on a bench in taverns and singing for his supper. The term “Sonata” came from the Italian word “sonare” which simply meant “to sound” or “play” – a precursor form to what became the fugue and later the classical sonata form we know from Mozart and Haydn. The anonymous Sonata that’s included in today’s program is a remarkable piece because of its energy and brass sonorities. Notable also is its within-group antiphonal playing that sounds like a “Call and Response” – a technique that clearly prefigures the fugues soon to come in the Baroque era. This Sonata is timeless, too, in its beauty. Indeed, it has remained so popular that most listeners have probably heard it before without knowing its title, and yet it never grows old for performers or listeners alike.


Leonard Bernstein

(Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1918; died in New York City in 1990)

Selections from West Side Story/arranged by Jack Gale

1. Prologue

2. Something’s Comin’

3. Maria

4. Tonight

5. America

6. I Feel Pretty

7. Somewhere

Like many composers before him – Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev, Gounod and Berlioz, just to name some of the more famous – the American composer Leonard Bernstein was attracted to Shakespeare’s tale of tragedy, Romeo and Juliet.  Bernstein’s first musical vision for this tragedy of “star-cross’d lovers” began by imagining the feuding parties as Catholics and Jews in the lower East side of New York’s Manhattan during Passover and Easter. It then eventually morphed into a musical focused on Puerto Rican and Anglo street gangs in the city’s upper West Side. This contemporary scenario was perfectly suited for Shakespeare’s tale of woe, and Bernstein hoped it would awaken the public’s awareness to what some called New York City’s “War zone” of the 1950’s and ‘60’s.

But even without the “story,” the music to West Side Story is undeniably Bernstein’s masterpiece. In the honored tradition of classical composing from Mozart to Mahler, motives and just a few themes are the driving force for the whole work, and they give the music an extraordinary cohesiveness. That and Bernstein’s uncanny ability to absorb musical genres, which is heard in the jazz and Latin-feel that pervades the score, make the work both contemporary and ageless, from the swinging coolness in the “Prologue” to the popping, ethnic cross-rhythms in “America.” Bernstein’s greatest strdength, though, was his understanding that a beautiful tune always wins the day, and in this work he magically created some of America’s most cherished songs. Many of these songs are heard in our program’s excellent brass quintet arrangement: “Maria,” “Tonight” and a wonderful brass-chorale rendition of “Somewhere.”


John Cheetham

(Born in Taos, New Mexico in 1939)

Scherzo

Cheetham was born and raised in America’s Midwest, and he has essentially remained there all of his life, save for PhD studies at the University of Washington. He served as Professor of Music Theory and Composition at the University of Missouri (Columbia) from 1969 – 2000. Because of this background, he might be even more “American” than Aaron Copland (Copeland was long considered the Dean of American composers until his death but he was actually more of a “New York city boy” than Cheetham).  And Cheetham’s music reflects his middle-America sentiments – libertarian, unapologetically conservative, singable melodies and bracing rhythms. Such is his Scherzo for brass quintet.

Like composer Eric Ewazen, Cheetham writes equally for the performer as well as the listener. His Scherzo is quick-paced and catchy, and is thorny to play with its changing meters and rhythms. However, the musical delights are very much worth the performers’ effort. The main tune is something you’ll find yourself humming or whistling on the way home from the concert; as Cheetam says, “a good tune goes a long way.” In a recent e-mail exchange with Cheetham, he described his Scherzo as follows:

“[The Scherzo] was written in 1962 during my senior year at the University of New Mexico for a faculty quintet teaching at a UNM summer music camp. Through no fault of my own, it immediately became popular and was published and recorded by 1964. Its simple ternary design and tuneful melodies make it easily accessible.”


Johann Sebastian Bach

(Born in Eisenach, Germany in 1685; died in Leipzig, Germany in 1750)

Contrapunctus IX, “alla duodecima,”
from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080

As Bach entered the last decade of his life, he renewed his interest in keyboard music and especially counterpoint, or the way in which fugues are made and how musical themes can be manipulated. In this decade, he began his ultimate offering to musical counterpoint – a series of fugues and canons all derived out a single musical theme – The Art of the Fugue. He worked on this series for 10 years but never finished it. His son, Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach, gathered, titled and published it in 1751 just after his father’s death.

The Art of the Fugue may well be Bach’s seminal work. It contains 14 fugues and four canons, all in D-minor, arranged in increasing difficulty. These pieces are, as Bach historian Christoph Wolff has observed, “an exploration … of the contrapuntal possibilities inherent in a single musical subject.” That “single subject” is disarming in its simplicity but it is nevertheless rich seed material for Bach’s fugal explorations that follow. Instead of calling them “counterpoint(s),” Bach preferred the Latin word “Contrapunctus.” Number IX (9) is a study of turning that simple subject into a new derivation and into a double fugue (two themes treated as a fugue at the interval of a twelfth, thus the subtitle “alla duodecima”). Bach then adds the original “single subject” fugue theme into the mix as an additional subject. Always a masterpiece, this Contrapunctus becomes especially spirited and extremely powerful when performed by a brass quintet.


Victor Ewald

(Born in St. Petersburg in 1860; died in Leningrad in 1935)

Brass Quintet No.1 in B-Flat Minor, Op. 5 

1. Moderato – Più mosso

2. Adagio non troppo lento – Allegro vivace – Tempo I – Adagio

3. Allegro moderato

Brass ensembles of every imaginable sort were a big part of Russia’s musical history, but it was Victor Ewald who established the nation’s first works for brass quintet with four exceptional works written between 1888 and 1912. Quintet No. 1 was published in 1890 and since then has remained in the genre’s performing repertoire as a huge favorite with performers and audiences.

Ewald was a civil engineer by trade but a serious musician by avocation. He wasn’t one of the “Russian Five” (Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Borodin, etc.), the Russian Nationalist musicians, but he was very close in their orbit. He often played chamber music with them, in sessions that came to be known as “Friday Evenings,” and he was an integral part of their musical discussions. He wrote his four quintets essentially for these chamber music gatherings and he himself played the bass part which was equivalent to the tuba part you will hear in our performance.

Ewald’s Quintet No. 1 is challenging to play, packed with fantastic melodies, and has a wonderful “Russian-ness” – that indescribable sound, dark and rich and melancholic.  And fittingly, for the performer/composer Ewald, the opening theme played on the tuba exemplifies that very special sound. Later in the third movement, a lovely Russian-folksong theme emerges that would have made his Nationalist musician friends proud.  Although Ewald never tackled the larger orchestral genres, he could well have been considered the “Russian Sixth” based on the wealth of lyricism and inventiveness filling his delightful Quintet No. 1.

Program Notes ©Max Derrickson

Windswept!
PROGRAM NOTES

Paquito D’Rivera

(Born in Havana, Cuba in 1948)

Invitación al danza (Invitation to dance)

D’Rivera’s first teacher was his father, a well-connected classical saxophonist and music educator, who brought him up on recordings by Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman. No doubt this is where Paquito first began to understand jazz and improvisation. But perhaps the youngster’s greatest tutelage came from sitting in the orchestra pit along with his father in Havana’s lavish, notorious and jazz-rich Tropicana Club, where he recalls very memorable evenings sitting close by and watching many of the jazz greats who visited there. Still, he always remained grounded in the Classical music of composers like Bach, Mozart and Chopin – music that still informs his compositions to this day.

D’Rivera soon became one of Cuba’s musical wonders, active in both classical and Latin jazz music, and both a composer and performer on clarinet and sax. However, he eventually realized that he would never be able to flourish in Cuba’s anti-jazz ideology (Castro insisted jazz was “imperialist poison”), so in 1980 he defected to the United States. His international reputation has soared since then. He has won 14 Grammy Awards for both performance and composition and has made over 30 recordings. But, as a boisterous yet generous soul, he is most proud for being known – in the words of the National Endowment for the Arts – as “the consummate multinational ambassador, creating and promoting a cross-culture of music that moves effortlessly among jazz, Latin, and Mozart.”

Invitación al danza was composed in 2008 and came into prominence on a recording with Yo Yo Ma (“Songs of Joy and Peace,” 2008). This is considered one of D’Rivera’s Classical works, and with his love for Classical music he gave it the same title as a famous work by Carl Maria von Weber (1786 – 1826). But one immediately realizes the work’s extraordinary fusion of styles, from Classical to Jazzy riffs and improvisation, to even a tip of the hat to early Rock-n-roll (listen for the echoes of Louie, Louie by The Kingsmen). Originally written for clarinet, cello and piano, Invitación has invited and inspired all kinds of arrangements. In this case, the French horn takes the place of the cello. Invitación dances easily from gentle swaying to joyful smiling, and slide-steps between some lovely ballroom dancing to downright foot stomping and arm jangling. Invitación al danza is infectiously tuneful and fun, and makes good on its invitation.


Friedrich Wilhelm Voigt

(Born in Koblenz, Germany in 1833; died in Bernburg, Germany in 1894)

Nocturne for Clarinet, Horn, and Piano, Op.75

Voigt followed his father’s vocation of being a military musician after completing his musical studies in Berlin. He rose quickly through the ranks and by 1857, at the young age of 24, became the conductor of the high profile First Guard Regiment in Potsdam, a post in which he served for 30 years. He became well known for his compositions for military bands and ensembles, and as a conductor and music educator. In 1870, in his role as military conductor, Voigt found himself marching to Paris in the Franco-Prussian War, composing and performing music as necessary for any moment, from celebratory evenings when Kaiser Wilhelm visited in the field, to funeral music for fellow soldiers. But there was more to do than perform: Voigt and his military musicians often were tasked with, among other things, burying the fallen. His diaries describe some horrid scenes of death. Finally, in 1871, Voigt arrived in a devastated, occupied Paris now under Prussian rule. Voigt’s role in Paris was to provide music for victorious Prussians and defeated French alike. Performing much of his own military music along with other classics, he was proud, but moreover astonished, when his French audiences applauded and thanked him for his musical craft. Voigt wrote home to his wife “Yes, music is a fine art; it connects the souls of men, and this effect is not granted even to language.”

In 1885, long after those extraordinary times, Voigt had returned to Germany and composed his endearing Nocturne. It’s tempting to imagine this work as a tender musical memorial to those lost Prussians and Frenchmen, but whatever his inspiration, the piece has been loved for generations since. The Nocturne has the air of a quiet operatic duet between two old friends, reminiscing in nostalgia, with an edge of sadness lacing their song, sometimes a flight of fancy from the clarinet, and a brief recitative-like passage mid-way through. The piece ends with both instruments singing the opening phrase in unison above some lovely pianistic filigree, before closing in gentle contemplation. All in all, it is a tuneful, surprisingly enchanting gem, a pacific counterpoint to a military musician’s life work.


Francis Poulenc 

(Born in Paris in 1899; died in Paris in 1963)

Trio (for oboe, bassoon and piano), Op. 43

1. Lento – Presto

2. Andante con moto

3. Rondo. Très vif

At the turn of the 20th Century, Paris was an exciting tumult of new and adventurous artistic ideals. The Parisian salon was the place to be for anyone who was someone, a place where artists and thinkers came to discuss conquering – or at least profoundly changing – the world. Out of this intoxicating brew came a group of musicians called “Les Six” (also known as the “French Six”). Francis Poulenc, a frequent visitor to the salon, rather unwittingly found himself to be part of this group. The group’s general goal, formulated by its founders (first the composer Erik Satie and then the author Jean Cocteau) was to write unabashedly French music. Poulenc himself was mainly self-taught and had an innate and immense talent for music; he had no conservatoire trappings and was urbanely Parisian in the best sense, and he thus embodied the group’s ideals perfectly. As the writer Jean Roy, a chronicler of the “Les Six,” said:

“Francis Poulenc improvised, invented, disregarded conventions …. He was daring, but not provocative. … he showed himself for what he was, with a frankness which is rare, … drawing from a tremendous fund of knowledge that included the fine arts, literature and the music of his predecessors. … His music expresses the way he looked at things… sincerity… his own way of hoping, of praying, of showing confidence.”

From this sense of freshness came Poulenc’s first great chamber work in 1926: his Trio for Oboe, Bassoon and Piano, written when he was 27 years old. The work is equal parts silly, lively, beautifully melodic, and fun. Poulenc admitted that parts of his Trio were based, structurally and thematically, on the music of his forbearers – Haydn, Beethoven and Saint-Saens – but in Poulenc’s hands these echoes only add to the delight of the music. Regarding his musical lineage, he wittily remarked that he “wouldn’t like to be thought ‘born of an unknown father.'” What the listener hears in the Trio is anything but a pastiche of the past; instead, this is a splendidly lyrical and playful piece that features each instrument with an uncanny notion of their interplay. The Trio has become one of Poulenc’s most adored works, and rightly so. It is a superb example of the composer’s joyful music-making, and of his own harmonic and lyrical inventiveness.


Ludwig van Beethoven

(Born in Bonn in 1770; died in Vienna in 1827)

Piano Quintet in E-flat Major, Op. 16

1. Grave – Allegro ma non troppo

2. Andante cantabile

3. Rondo: Allegro ma non troppo

Life was a jolly affair for Beethoven when he moved to Vienna from Bonn in 1792. He was known to be fiery, but he was also a congenial socialite. And as a free-spirited youth, he was taking Vienna by storm as a “wild” piano virtuoso and magnificent improviser. However, he also had an extraordinary composing talent and needed to make it known.

Before tackling the symphonic genre, Beethoven started with a form that bridged the chamber-symphonic barrier: the Piano Quintet. Well acquainted with Mozart’s works, Beethoven used Mozart’s masterful Quintet for Piano and Winds in E-flat Major, K. 452 (1784) as a model for his own Quintet that featured a piano, clarinet, oboe, bassoon and horn. Beethoven completed this work in 1797 but he withheld its publication until 1801 and in the meantime also produced a reworked version that took the form of a Quartet for three strings and piano – a clear sign that he was trying to show off his abilities by demonstrating his range as a composer.

The Quintet is a very early Beethoven, and very “Classical” in sound, when compared to his later works. But it is no less Beethoven in spirit, clearly foreshadowing his boldness and compositional cleverness. The very somber and slow Grave opening is as much a statement to the world about the seriousness of Beethoven’s compositional intentions as it is a musical introduction. Soon after the Allegro proper begins, one is reminded of Beethoven’s abiding love for piano – indeed, this Quintet is much like a mini-piano concerto. But even in this particularly early work, Beethoven shows uncanny prowess in his writing for the winds: each instrument is featured especially well through a great deal of musical material, and each is given many moments to shine. One great example is just near the end of the first movement when Beethoven asks the horn to navigate some treacherous arpeggios.

The second movement is rightly titled cantabile (singing), with some meltingly song-like moments for every player, and it seems that it is here where Beethoven truly begins to find his own voice in this great, early masterpiece. The third movement finale is leisurely-brisk and sunny-bright, even allowing for a brief piano cadenza near its end. It is said that at the Quintet’s early performances, the “wild” Beethoven manned the piano himself and often took some extended liberties with this cadenza – to his great delight, though peeving his wind players.

 

© Max Derrickson

Johannes Brahms

(Born in Hamburg in 1833; died in Vienna in 1897)

Liebeslieder walzen, Op. 52

1. Rede, Mädchen (“Speak, Maiden”)

2. Am Gesteine rauscht die Flut (“Against the stones the stream rushes”)

3. O die Frauen (“Oh, women”)

4. Wie des Abends schöne Röte (“Like the evening’s lovely red”)

5. Die grüne Hopfenranke (“The green hop’s vine”)

6. Ein kleiner, hübscher Vogel (“A small, pretty bird”)

7. Wohl schön bewandt war es (“Quite fair and contented”)

8. Wenn so lind dein Auge mir (“When your eyes look at me”)

9. Am Donaustrande (“On the banks of the Danube”)

10. O wie sanft die Quelle (“Oh how gently the stream”)

11. Nein, es ist nicht auszukommen (“No, there’s just no getting along”)

12. Schlosser auf, und mache Schlösser (“Locksmith, get up and make your locks”)

13. Vögelein durchrauscht die Luft (“The little bird rushes through the air”)

14. Sieh, wie ist die Welle klar (“See how clear the waves are”)

15. Nachtigall, sie singt so schön (“The nightingale, it sings so beautifully”)

16. Ein dunkeler Schacht ist Liebe (“Love is a dark shaft”)

17. Nicht wandle, mein Licht (“Do not wander, my light”)

18. Es bebet das Gesträuche (“The bushes are trembling”)

In the first years after Brahms settled in Vienna, he quickly became appreciative of a new and very Viennese (and European bourgeois) musical fashion – Hausmusik. No longer was music just for the very rich, but indeed, the rise of a healthy middle class made music a household necessity. Young ladies, in order to be at all eligible for marriage, needed to know how to read music, sing and play the piano. But music in the house wasn’t just for young ladies. All manner of parlor works were written as well as re-arranged from larger works like symphonies, solely for the enjoyment of music lovers in their homes. For many a composer it was a cash cow. Brahms, not above the need for money, discreetly cashed in on this Hausmusik phenomenon with the young lady singer-pianist in mind, first and famously with his Hungarian Dances (1869), and then in the same year with his delightful Liebeslieder walzen (of which, over a few years, he composed several sets, Op. 52 being essentially his first).

Brahms’s Liebeslieder walzen (Love song waltzes) were inspired during a project of editing a batch of Schubert’s works, several groups of landlers, which are the waltzes especially loved by the Viennese. Also a model were the Spanische Liebeslieder (1849) by Schumann, Brahms’s fraternal mentor. No less an influence, too, were the delightful waltzes by Johann Strauss II (the Viennese “Waltz King”), which Brahms appreciated for their perfect form and delicious tunefulness. It’s often suggested that Brahms’s Love song waltzes were intended as a musical flirtation for Julie Schumann, the daughter of Robert and Clara Schumann. But as always, Brahms was much too discreet to have made this a public affair. What matters is that the waltzes are enchanting. As Brahms’s biographer Jan Swafford calls them, these are musical “Schlagsahne” (whipped cream).

The 18 waltzes are indeed confections, but they are certainly not trifles. They assume the ballroom dress of society waltzes, but Brahms doesn’t spare his genius on them. Even as early as the first waltz, the main theme is eventually turned upside down. Especially delightful are the rich harmonies and contrasts that appear in numbers 5, 6 and 7. A lovely homage to Strauss’s “The Beautiful Danube” is undeniable in number 9. Throughout, Brahms’s inventiveness for both tunefulness and sophisticated compositional craftsmanship make these love songs little wonders. Brahms had originally written them as “one-offs” – single sheet works for the parlor, for piano (four hands) and varying small groups of singers. The lyrics came from a large set of poetic translations from various cultures by the philosopher and poet Georg Friedrich Daumer (1800 – 1875). The songs range from giddy young love to broken heartache, but they are all quite lighthearted. Brahms, too, keeps the melodic themes light but infuses them with his typical soulfulness. The waltzes were immediately adored, and brought Brahms a sure amount of early fame and fortune; they have remained a cherished part of the chamber music repertoire. This arrangement for strings was first transcribed by Friedrich Hermann in 1889 and it has been loved ever since. In any arrangement, these love songs’ beauties are rich and genuine Brahms.


Edward Elgar

(Born in Lower Broadheath, England in 1857; died in Worcester, England in 1934)

Serenade in E-minor for String Orchestra, Op. 20

1. Allegro placevole

2. Larghetto

3. Allegretto

Elgar was the quintessential underdog, and as such, his masterpieces make us all the more glad that he finally achieved his rightful praise. He was a self-taught composer, learning his craft by borrowing books on counterpoint and harmony from the library in his small hometown of Broadheath. He was an accomplished violinist but also played the organ and bassoon and viola (and other instruments), and it was upon these instruments that he relied to make a living for many years as a private music teacher. He also picked up conducting and freelanced as a conductor in some of the most obscure places (such as the County and City Pauper Lunatic Asylum) for many, many years. His beloved wife, Alice, was his greatest champion and brought Elgar through some severe bouts of low self-esteem and depression. Had it not been for her constant support, Elgar may have never persevered to write some of Western music’s most beloved pieces.

His lovely Serenade was written in 1892 and is Elgar’s earliest piece to eventually become well known, although it took another six-and-a-half years for this now middle-aged British musician to find any fame as a composer with his Enigma Variations (1899). The Serenade was written “in the musical trenches,” as Elgar crafted out a patchwork living by teaching, performing and conducting. He also credited some of the piece’s material to his wife, Alice, by marking in the score in several places “Braut” (his German nickname for her, meaning “bride”). The success of his Enigma Variations, his Violin Concerto and other masterpieces eventually, and finally, landed him fame and security, But it was this Serenade that he always referred to as his favorite piece, and any listener will quickly understand his devotion. Here is Elgar at his lyrical best and at the very beginning of a long line of beautifully elegiac masterpieces for which he would become famous.

The first movement is marked a curious “placevole” which means “pleasing.” Indeed, its quietly propelling main rhythm and the rising and falling melody is pleasantly nostalgic and cheery – so wonderfully British. The middle movement is romantically and harmonically rich, capturing a kind of enlightened melancholy that only Elgar seemed to be able to conjure. The third movement rounds out the Serenade with delicate charm, perfectly moving from the deep beauty of the middle movement into a musing on the work’s placevole beginning, and lastly, closing in gentle contentment. Elgar was one of the first composers to seriously use the beginning technologies of sound recording, and fittingly, in 1933 a year before his death, he made a recording which included his beloved Serenade.


Ney Rosauro

(Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1952)

Marimba Concerto No. 1, Op. 12

1. Saudação (Greetings)

2. Lamento (Lament)

3. Dança (Dance)

4. Despedida (Farewell)

According to his own website, Ney Rosauro “… is recognized as one of the most original and dynamic symphonic percussionists and composers today.” He studied in Brazil, Germany and Florida, and in his professional career has performed the world over as both a marimba virtuoso and as a timpanist/percussionist, along with composing over 100 works. He became especially recognized, however, with his wonderful Marimba Concerto No. 1 (1987) when another famous percussionist, Evelyn Glennie, recorded it with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1990. Since then, this Concerto has become probably the most widely performed marimba concerto in the world.

The marimba is a tuned percussion instrument with tubes underneath the pitched bars to enhance resonance. It became a prominent solo instrument in the late 1970’s when composers began recognizing its exceptional versatility – from its ability to sound like an organ with sustained, humming chords, the fact that it could be played like a piano with both melody and harmony, concurrently, as well as its potential for complex rhythms and extended range of notes (typically 4-1/3 octaves). All of this became especially possible with the introduction of playing with four (and occasionally more) mallets simultaneously. Rosauro, though, was the one of the first composers to really exploit the marimba’s four-mallet capabilities in a symphonic concerto form. His Concerto No. 1 does this marvelously and uses all the instrument’s possibilities superbly, taking care to not only showcase the soloist with virtuosic leaps from one end of the large instrument to the other and dazzling mallet work, but to showcase the instrument’s beauty. The Concerto was begun as a Master’s thesis while Rosauro was studying in Germany. In that year, his son Marcelo was born, and it’s fitting, with the Concerto’s energy and life-affirmingness, that Rosauro dedicated it to his newborn son.

As a Brazilian, Rosauro understandably uses Brazilian motives for the subtitles of his Concerto‘s four movements and as their inspirations. The first movement maintains a near-perpetual-motion kind of incessancy, with lots of wonderful moments for the soloist to make some jazzy melodic runs – it’s infectious and fun. The second movement explores the marimba’s soulful, organ-like timbres and includes some lovely duets between soloist and orchestra (especially the first violin). The third movement is called a dance, but it begins with a lovely cantabile section that features some fun mallet work, before becoming truly quick-footed and virtuosic, then closing in song. The finale is again a driving movement, jazzy and somewhat Brazilian in flavor, with a delightfully catchy tune, changing meters and virtuosity aplenty. The fervor leads up to a cadenza that is as much about fancy mallet work as it is wrapping up the musical narrative of the Concerto, musing with the various themes of the earlier movements. The work then ends in a fiery-quick blaze of virtuosity.
© Max Derrickson

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(Born in Salzburg in 1756; died in Vienna in 1791)
No composer has contributed so many works of genius, in so many genres of music, as Mozart: sacred, chamber, concerti, orchestral and opera. His output is extraordinary, not only because of its quantity and consistently high quality, but also because of his uncanny ability to assimilate the styles of his time and add his own innovations. It sounds cliché to say that Mozart approached something of a superhuman quality, but studying his music always provides this same awed assessment. No genre stands out quite as much as Mozart’s operas in style assimilation, masterwork and innovation.
Opera in Mozart’s Vienna was a curiously Italian affair. Opera had essentially “grown up” in Italy and Italians had set the standards. But the popular style was Italian Opera buffa – light-hearted and frivolous dramatic works. Viennese sentiment was beginning to favor German-language opera but German operas hadn’t made much headway in quality. Nonetheless, as Mozart told his father in 1778, he first began with “Italian, not German; seria, not buffa.” Thus commenced his lifelong adaptations in the field of opera, beginning with the Italian model for opera seria “serious themed,” moving to the German model of the singspiel (“singing play”), where dialogue replaces the Italian recitative, creating a delicious synthesis of these models.
All of this, and Mozart’s musical genius, created an opus of operas that are nearly all considered masterpieces. Mozart brought a rather stodgy genre that he inherited from the Italians into a modern day kind of storytelling, with characters that were more real and current, and with music that matched the complicated psychological underpinnings of his characters.

Overture to Le nozze di Figaro 
(The Marriage of Figaro)

This was the first of three operas that Mozart wrote in collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo da Ponte. This collaboration shines as a marriage of geniuses in Western music; it produced Le nozze di Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787) and Così fan tutte (1790), all of which are considered the pinnacle of their Classical genre. Many regard Le nozze as the greatest Opera buffa ever written.

Created near the peak of his career, Le nozze di Figaro is one of Mozart’s finest scores. In it, his ability to make music mirror the psychological essence of the scene, the story and the characters is nearly unrivaled. The Overture is a self-contained work – meaning it contains essentially little of the themes from the opera proper and ends without fading into the first scene. It’s a marvel of fleetness. The winds and strings open with a frenetic but quiet, whirling motive that sets the tone for the opera to come – fast-paced and filled with intrigue and humor. The whirling is suddenly interrupted by a full tutti of the orchestra, bright and shining and loud, with trumpets and timpani that tells us the opera will bring a series of surprises and comic moments. The energy never lets up until the last, glorious bar.


Aria: “Ruhe sanft, mein holdes Leben” from the Opera Zaide

Zaide was begun in 1779-80 by Mozart in the off chance that this German language singspiel (“singing play”) might be accepted in Austrian Emperor Joseph II’s new opera company that was devoted to German opera. Mozart’s working title was Das Serail, but the Third Act and Overture were left unfinished as he moved on to his first commissioned opera, Idomeneo. Decades after Mozart’s death, the unfinished opera was prepared for production in 1830 and given the title it’s come to be known by: Zaide.

Having found a librettist in Johann Schachtner, Mozart’s Zaide took up the popular theme of Turkish pirates on the prowl in the Mediterranean, seizing loot and Christian slaves. Zaide is the heroine Christian slave who falls in love with another slave, Gomatz. The Turkish Sultan is enraged because of his own affections for Zaide, but by the end of Act II, Zaide chooses a free life with Gomatz.

“Ruhe sanft, mein holdes Leben” (“Rest gently, my dearest life (Beloved)”) appears in Act I when Zaide first discovers Gomatz, asleep under a tree. She instantly falls in love, and leaves him her portrait, jewels, money and a note beseeching him to meet her later in that same spot. She then sings this beautiful aria to the would-be lover, telling him to sleep until he awakes with happiness. It’s one of Mozart’s most beautiful arias and is especially remarkable given that this is such an early foray for him into full opera writing.

German Lyrics
Ruhe sanft, mein holdes Leben,
schlafe, bis dein Glück erwacht;
da, mein Bild will ich dir geben,
schau, wie freundlich es dir lacht:
Ihr süssen Träume, wiegt ihn ein,
und lasset seinem Wunsch am Ende
die wollustreichen Gegenstände
zu reifer Wirklichkeit gedeihn
English translation

Rest peacefully, my beloved,
Sleep until happiness dawns,
My portrait I give you,
See, how kindly it smiles upon you.
Sweet dreams rock him to sleep,
And Grant his wish at last,
That the things of which he dreams 
May ripen into reality.


Aria: “Ach, ich fuhl’s” from Die Zauberflöte 
(The Magic Flute) 
K. 620

The Magic Flute premiered in 1791. It is Mozart’s last opera, and in so many ways his crowning achievement in the genre. All of this great composer’s talents are on display in this masterpiece. The story takes place in Egypt, sometime around 1300 BC, and centers upon Tamino, a handsome young prince on a quest to rescue the daughter of the evil Queen of the Night, the lovely Pamina, so he can marry her. Tamino and his comic side-kick, Papageno, are given a Magic Flute and a set of magic Bells to ward off evil. They find Pamina in the care of Sarasato, a high priest, and to their surprise discover that Sarasato is actually protecting Pamina from her mother. Seeing Tamino’s purity, Sarasato agrees to let him and Pamina marry, but only after a set of trials to test his and Papageno’s mettle and purity. Adventures succeeded, Sarasato then celebrates the marriage of Tamino to Pamina, and banishes the evil Queen and her minions.
Mozart’s score sparkles with the magic and genius of a master at play. The music is appreciable on many levels, from giddy, simple tunes to wonderfully sophisticated moments of complex counterpoint – the whole tied together with exquisite melodies. One such beautiful aria is Pamina’s aria from Act Two, “Ach, ich fuhl’s (Ah, I feel it).” Tamino has sworn a Vow of Silence as part of Sarasato’s tests of mettle, and Pamina is despairingly certain that their love is lost. The aria is heart-wrenchingly beautiful, the soprano singing over an exquisite and sophisticated chord scheme in the orchestra, sounding much like a movement from a requiem, spare, somber. It’s one of Mozart’s most remarkably heartfelt songs, with the soprano’s pathos soaring into the spirit realms.
German Text
Ach, ich fühl’s, es ist verschwunden,
Ewig hin der Liebe Glück!
Nimmer kommt ihr Wonnestunde
Meinem Herzen mehr zurück!
Sieh’, Tamino, diese Tränen,
Fließen, Trauter, dir allein!
Fühlst du nicht der Liebe Sehnen,
So wird Ruh’ im Tode sein!
English Translation
Oh, I feel that it is gone,
forever gone – the happiness of love!
No more come the hours of joy
to my heart!
See, Tamino, these tears
flow, dearest, for you alone!
Do you not feel my love and longing?
I’ll only find peace in death.

Overture to Così fan tutte

The opera is one of Mozart’s great masterworks, assimilating the buffa aspects of the popular Italian opera together with serious (Opera seria) aspects, giving the drama and the music a greater depth. Mozart’s music is fun and mirthful as it often needs to be with the comic storyline, but it also captures the intrigue and emotions of the main characters in an uncanny way. One of Mozart’s lasting influences on opera was the way he molded the music to make the characters feel as real as life. This is especially true in Cosi fan tutte.

The title translates roughly, “Women are like that”, referring to a belief that all women will eventually be unfaithful. Set in Naples, two young officers, Ferrando and Guglielmo, brag about the beauty and faithfulness of their sweethearts, sisters Fiordiligi and Dorabella. However, their older friend, Don Alfonzo, wagers that the two sisters can be found to be unfaithful. A convoluted and comic set of frauds and mistruths and disguises are set into motion. In the end, all is forgiven.

The Overture has retained its own staying power. It’s a gallant and joyful speed-ride. Unlike many overtures, however, it contains virtually no melodic material from the opera, but rather, new music used to set the tone. Among its many delights, there is an abundance of woodwind work, specifically the interplay between oboe and flute which is a musical representation of two sweethearts sharing the same heart-music. In all, the Overture is a lightning quick romp of merriment.


Aria: “Come scoglio” from Così fan tutte

Così fan tutte has made listeners both delighted and yet troubled. Of course this was all by design, and that may be why the depth of both Mozart’s musical score and da Ponte’s libretto make this arguably Mozart’s greatest achievement in opera. One splendid example of this bi-polar, humorous, and extraordinary music is “Come scoglio” (“Like a rock”) in Act I sung by Fiordiligi, Ferrando’s lover. Don Alphonso has arranged for Fiordiligi and Dorabella to believe that Ferrando and Guglielmo have been called off to war suddenly. Then, dressed in disguise as two “Albanians,” Ferrando and Guglielmo return and begin wooing the other’s sweetheart. Fiordiligi, at least initially, will have nothing of it, and crows about it.

Mozart begins the aria with an almost martial call to arms – a very peacocking moment. Then comes a delightful lyrical section that is almost inane, yet so charming that it keeps us smiling. The aria switches between these two types of music with a kind of over-the-top drama. It’s a great example of the type of opera-stopping solos that permeated 18th Century opera, but the aria is simultaneously parodying them. With this brilliantly uncanny mix of bravura with lyrical charm, Mozart’s music can’t quite allow you to believe Fiordiligi’s protestations, even while she must accomplish some extremely difficult musical passages: large interval leaps, and drops and runs up and down a two-octave range. “Come scoglio” is definitely one of Mozart’s greatest hits.

Italian text
Come scoglio immoto resta
Contro i venti e la tempesta,
Così ognor quest’alma è forte
Nella fede e nell’amor.
Con noi nacque quella face
Che ci piace, e ci consola,
E potrà la morte sola
Far che cangi affetto il cor.
Rispettate, anime ingrate,
Quest’esempio di costanza;
E una barbara speranza
Non vi renda audaci ancor!
English translation
Like a rock standing impervious
To winds and tempest,
So stands my heart ever strong
In faith and love.
Between us we have kindled
A flame which warms, and consoles us,
And death alone could
Change my heart’s devotion.
Respect this example
Of constancy, you abject creatures,
And do not let a base hope
Make you so rash again!

Aria: “Dove sono” from Le nozze di Figaro
(The Marriage of Figaro)

Written near the peak of his career, Le nozze di Figaro is naturally one of Mozart’s finest scores – many consider it to be the finest Opera buffa ever written. And his ability to make music mirror the psychological essence of the scene, the story, and the characters is nearly unrivaled. One of the opera’s most beautiful and thoughtful moments occurs in Act III with the Countess’s aria “Dove sono” (“Where are they?). Here the Countess is planning to catch her husband, the Count, red-handed in faithlessness with Susanna, and she’s employed Susanna to help trap him. But in a moment of quiet reflection, she wonders where the sweetness of their love has gone, how she could find herself in such a terrible state of lovelessness and humiliation. And yet, she still holds hope with a faintness as fragile as a spider web. The beauty of the music is deeply poignant, but Mozart goes a little further. He creates a magic moment, to capture the deep suffering of the Countess, by repeating the first section at almost a whisper. The psychological effect is disarming – even in the pathos of the Countess’s soul pain, a feeble hope for reconciliation is still distantly glimmering.

Italian text
Dove sono i bei momenti
Di dolcezza e di piacer?
Dove andaro i giuramenti
Di quel labbro menzogner?
Perchè mai, se in pianti e in pene
Per me tutto si cangiò,
La memoria di quel bene
Dal mio sen non trapassò?
Ah! se almen la mia costanza,
Nel languire amando ognor,
Mi portasse una speranza
Di cangiar l’ingrato cor!
English translation
Where are the lovely moments
Of sweetness and pleasure?
Where have the promises gone
That came from those lying lips?
Why, if all is changed for me
Into tears and pain,
Has the memory of that goodness
Not vanished from my breast?
Ah! If only, at least, my faithfulness,
Which still loves amidst its suffering,
Could bring me the hope

Of changing that ungrateful heart!


Symphony No. 39 in E-flat Major, K. 543

1. Adagio – Allegro
2. Andante con moto
3. Minuetto – Allegretto
4. Finale – Allegro
In the summer of 1788, in just under 10 weeks’ time, Mozart wrote three of Western Music’s greatest symphonies, Numbers 39, 40 and 41 – an almost superhuman accomplishment.  Whereas the 40th and the 41st are overt in their pathos and exuberance, respectively, the 39th is the subtle delight of the trio. It is a testament to refinement, yet no less a masterpiece, and with its own daring.
The 39th sounds, on first hearing, almost textbook Classical music, but Mozart has in fact disguised its adventurousness in lightness. The slow introduction, grand and stately, promises something magnificent, but when the Allegro proper begins, the introduction’s theme continues onwards, now faster, now light and breezy. This is a bold kind of transitioning that Beethoven will take very seriously in his own symphonies. The second movement is again a model of sophistication, both in its light scoring and its handling of the deeper emotion that imbues it. On its surface, it comes to us as a tender song, but underneath is an undercurrent of pathos that is never allowed to become too passionate. In that, we might almost miss the exquisite harmonies that occur about two-thirds of the way through this lovely movement.
The Menuetto is one of Mozart’s most memorable works in that genre. Filled with grace and charm, it dances us lightly into gladness. Along the way we can especially hear Mozart’s love for the clarinet which was essentially a new instrument in his day. The Finale is an extraordinary whirling demon kept tightly cornered – flying notes dart in many directions and yet Mozart makes it sound as if it’s all just a little bit of boiling water. It’s truly a masterpiece in engaging minimalism. Brimming with fun and humor, the Finale ends in a deliciously clipped way for humor’s sake, as if the musicians turned the page at the end of a phrase and, alas, no more pages.

Trios Pièces Brèves

Jacques Ibert

(Born in Paris in 1890; died in Paris in 1962)

Trois Pièces Brèves

1. Assez lent, allegro scherzando

2. Andante

3. Allegro

French composer Jacques Ibert was one of the early 20th Century composers to rediscover the wind quintet as a form, though he composed only one. In the wake of a turbulent new millennium and World War I which thrust the Western world into a new modernity, composers began balking at the excesses of the Romantic Era of music. No longer did gargantuan orchestras and extremely long, pathos-driven music seem appropriate for composer or audience. So some looked backwards and Neo-Classicism was born. This was a return to simplicity, clean lines and structural forms, wrapped in 20th Century harmony. Ibert, one of “Les Six” of French composers looking for new musical expression, was for a time at the forefront of Neo-Classicism. In 1930 he turned to the Classical promise of the wind quintet, and from that was born one of his most cherished chamber works: Trois Pièces Brèves.

Ibert’s charming Quintet shows him at his colorful and inventive best. Ibert fashioned it so that its movements could be played in any order or independently, without any compromise to the work as a whole. He found the five-wind ensemble to be an opportunity to show boundless colors in simple combinations. He also delighted in writing works as sheer entertainment, which Trois Pièces Brèves provides brilliantly. The rather puffed-up, and lovely, introductory fanfare of the first movement becomes gently sarcastic when it devolves into a bird-call passage. More wittiness follows when the sprightly march-like theme evolves into a waltz. The march and waltz then battle for supremacy, and Ibert chooses the dance. The second movement is a surprise in color and beauty from only two instruments, the flute and clarinet, ending by adding a few more instruments to prepare for the jocular third movement. In the finale, Ibert again flexes his talent for sonority – all five instruments here combine for some wonderful colors and a whirlwind of whim and fun. A slightly drunken jig-like theme is punctuated with vocalistic roulades (a flurry of quick notes just before the next note in a melody), and hints of good old-fashioned 1930’s dance hall music. Trois Pièces Brèves is a delicious wonder.


Milonga Sin Palabras

Ástor Pantaleón Piazzolla

(Born in Mar del Plata, Argentina in 1921; died in Buenos Aires in 1992)

From the time Argentinian-born Ástor Piazzolla was given the large keyboard accordion known as a bandoneón at around the age of eight until his death, Piazzolla was irretrievably drawn into the world of the tango. He became famous for his “Nuevo tango” in the 1960’s, a reinvigoration of Argentina’s “national” music that he derived from his formula of “tango + tragedy + comedy + whorehouse.” Though Piazzolla’s large output of music rests mainly on tango music with its distinctive dance rhythms, he was indeed a musical polyglot. Bach, Stravinsky, Hindemith, klezmer, jazz, popular music and a keen interest in traditional folk music all figure into his works, and so it was that he turned to his hometown of Mar del Plata to investigate its famous folksong and dance, the milonga.

The milonga had become popular in the 1870’s, growing out of a wonderful folk tradition called payada de contrapunto, a several hour to several day competition between two payadors (singers), who exchanged dueling verse to each other’s questions of life and love, usually ending with insults. Dance began to accompany the song form as it morphed into the milonga, and the combination of dance and milonga became regarded as an “excited habanera.” Piazzolla originally composed his Milonga Sin Palabras (“milonga without words”) for his wife in 1979 for bandoneón and piano. It soon became immensely popular and it was arranged for wind quintet by William Scribner. In Milonga Sin Palabras, Piazzolla again treats an old form through the filters of newer popular music. His Milonga wafts pensively but casually, with the rhythms and flickers of dance infusing it, yet its gentle lyricism adding depth and soul and timelessness. Beautifully crafted, Piazzolla’s Milonga seems to be returning to this old form, heard through the ears of ghosts who, while nostalgically remembering the old vocal competitions, infuse it with both new harmonies and melancholy.


Quintet in B-flat, Op. 56

Franz  Ignaz Danzi

(Born in Schwetzingen, Germany in 1763; died in Karlsruhe, Germany in 1826)

Quintet in B-flat Major, Op. 56, No. 1

1. Allegro

2. Andante con motoa

3. Menuett – Trio

4. Allegro

After Giuseppi Cambini “invented” the wind quintet ensemble in the early 1800’s, two composers in particular took a keen interest and were influential in establishing the genre in the concert hall. First was Czech composer Anton Reicha (1770 – 1836) who composed 24 Quintets not long after Cambini’s, followed by German composer Franz Danzi and his 9 Quintets that were written most likely in the period 1820-24. These 33 works have become the foundation of the repertoire. Danzi was a highly respected cellist, composer and teacher in a long career that was witness to Mozart’s last years and Beethoven’s entire career, as well as being a mentor to Carl Maria von Weber. As a composer in his own right, he contributed to nearly every genre of the day and often with impressive works. Most impressive and most memorable are his Quintets, and his first three published as Opus 56 have remained deservedly popular.

The Wind Quintet No. 1 (of Op. 56) is an impressive and sparkling little masterwork in its genre, imbued with that wonderful late Classical spirit, light and airy, masterfully balanced and full of energy. The harmonies are clearly looking forward to the Romantic era, and the themes, breezy as they appear, are rich and often hint at something much deeper than just light entertainment. The second movement is quite the gem, featuring the double reeds (first oboe, then bassoon), in a rather wistful funeral cortege that is filled with ambiguity and bittersweet sentiment. Then the double reeds hands the baton to the flute and clarinet, creating a wonderful changing of light and color in the ensemble. Likewise, the Trio (middle) section of the third movement presents a masterful sequence as the theme is exchanged between each member of the quintet. The entire work is ripe with these ingenious techniques, and as charmingly as they fall upon our ears, the work is equally heady. Most impressive still is how Danzi, the cellist, captured the capabilities of each wind instrument with remarkable idiomatic wisdom.


Quintet in C, Op. 79

August Friedrich Klughardt

(Born in Köthen, Germany in 1847; died in Rosslau, Germany in 1902)

Wind Quintet in C-Major, Op. 79

1. Allegro non troppo

2. Allegro vivace

3. Andante grazioso

4. Adagio – Allegro molto vivace

Despite Danzi’s contributions to the quintet repertoire, the string quartet still held considerable cache with composers. But at the turning of the 20th Century, two important musical forces were underway. First was the war that raged over the future of music – the “New German School” of music (the tone poems of Liszt and the operas of Wagner) vying with the “Conservative” composers (the symphonies of Brahms and Schumann). The second transformation was at once mechanical and musical. Technological advancements to wind instruments were making them more agile, with wider ranges, transforming the music they could play.

Into this mix came August Klughardt who, in his youth, adored Liszt. But late in his life he began to appreciate deeply the Conservative path. The result was something magical producing a wonderful combination of both ideologies. With the richness and nimbleness now available in wind instruments and his growing fondness for conservative musical structures, Klughardt wrote his Wind Quintet between 1898-1901. It has become one of the cornerstones of the repertoire for both its Classical clarity and its deeply Romantic underpinnings.

Perhaps as no other composer, Klughardt understood the possibilities of this particular set of instruments and how “orchestral” they could sound, and how they could also bridge the gap between the two “Schools.” The first movement delves into lush melodies over rich and complex harmonies – a nod to his New German School forebears. The second movement, simple and bucolic, acknowledges Conservative aesthetics. The third movement is a magical mix of both Schools, where instrument pairings and inventive timbres create a folktale-like atmosphere – the music is never heavy and yet manages to be richly sonorous. The finale nods to the early Baroque with a somber and beautiful slow introduction, but what follows is an exploitation of just what these five wind instruments can do when set loose, virtuosic and breathtaking to the end.


Highlights from Porgy and Bess

George Gershwin

(Born in Brooklyn, NY in 1898; died in Hollywood, CA in 1937)

Selections from Porgy and Bess for Woodwind Quintet

1. Overture: Catfish Row

2. Summertime

3. A Woman is a Sometimes Thing

4. My Man’s Gone Now

5. I Got Plenty O’ Nuthin’

6. It Ain’t Necessarily So

7. There’s a Boat Dat’s Leabin’ Soon for New York

8. Oh, Lawd, I’m On My Way

Just on the heels of his extraordinary success with Rhapsody in Blue in 1924, Gershwin launched a new musical, Oh, Kay!, in 1926.  In the throes of its rehearsals, Gershwin found he couldn’t sleep one night, and he picked up the new and hugely popular novel, Porgy (1924), by American author DuBose Heyward (1885-1940). The composer was enthralled with Heyward’s story about the Gullah-speaking African-Americans living in Charleston hoping to find fishing work on “Catfish Row.” Heyward’s main character, Porgy, was based on a real character he knew named “Goat Sammy,” a crippled man who got his way through town riding a cart pulled by a goat. The novel had all the elements for great theatre: crime, love, the little guy rising up to win the day, and so Gershwin immediately wrote Heyward asking to turn Porgy into an opera he hoped to call Porgy and Bess.

Since his teenage years, Gershwin had been enamored with the idea of writing an opera as the best way to get “popular” music into the Classical world. For various reasons, it would take him another nine years after reading Porgy to complete Porgy and Bess and to premiere it in 1935 in Boston. Historically speaking, it was a triumph of firsts, using an all African-American cast and bringing such a racially-charged piece onto the stage, but it didn’t win over the critics initially. Today, however, the opera Porgy and Bess is recognized as an American masterpiece, and its wonderfully singable songs and arias have been extremely popular in their own right. There is probably no other aria in the American song book as beloved as “Summertime,” and the opera’s almost embarrassing wealth of great music virtually begs to be played in any combination possible. Tonight’s arrangement for woodwind quintet is yet another example of the timeless appeal of Gershwin’s music.